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| Sunday, 21-Jan-2007 07:35 |
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SEMALAM DI MELAKA
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Masjid Kampung Hulu, Melaka
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Masjid Kampung Hulu, Melaka
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Masjid Kampung Hulu, Melaka
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MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH
[size=12]Historical Malacca
Sejarah Melaka bermula dengan pengasasan Kesultanan Melaka oleh Parameswara, seorang raja Srivijaya dari Palembang, pada tahun di antara 1400 hingga 1403. Kesultanan ini memerintah Melaka selama 110 tahun sehingga ditewaskan oleh pihak Portugis pada tahun 1511.
Melaka ditawankan oleh Alfonso de Albuquerque, seorang yang Wizurai Portugis pada 24 Ogos 1511 dan menjadi suatu pangkalan strategik bagi pengembangan pihak Portugis di Hindia Timur. Sultan Mahmud Shah, Sultan terakhir Melaka, melarikan diri ke daerah pedalaman dan menyebabkan kesukaran kepada pihak Portugis dengan serangan sekejap-sekejap dari tanah daratan dan laut. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1526, seangkatan kapal yang besar di bawah Pedro Mascarenhaas dihantar oleh negeri Portugal untuk memusnahkan bandar Bentan yang melindungi Sultan Mahmud. Sultan Mahmud terpaksa melarikan diri melintasi Selat Melaka ke Kampar, Sumatra di mana beliau mangkat dua tahun kemudian.
St. Francis Xavier, seorang mubaligh Jesuit, tinggal di Melaka selama beberapa bulan pada tahun 1545, 1546 dan 1549 kerana hendak menjadikan Melaka sebagai pusat operasinya di Timur.
Pada tahun 1641, pihak Belanda menakluk Melaka dengan penewasan pihak Portugis melalui pembantuan Sultan Johor. Walaubagaimanapun, pihak Belanda tidak berminat menjadikan Melaka sebagai sebuah pusat perdagangan di antara Timur dan Barat tetapi mereka lebih mementingkan pembangunan Batavia (Jakarta) di Indonesia sebagai pusat pentadbiran mereka.
Pihak Belanda menyerahkan Melaka kepada pihak British mengikut Perjanjian British-Belanda pada tahun 1824. Dari 1826 hingga 1867, Melaka diperintah oleh Syarikat Hindia-Timur British (British East India Company), dan kemudiannya menjadi sebuah tanah jajahan British. Ia menjadi sebahagian Petempatan Selat (Straits Settlement), bersama-sama dengan Singapura dan Pulau Pinang pada tahun 1946. Selepas pembubaran tanah jajahan, Melaka dan Pulau Pinang menjadi sebahagian Malayan Union yang kemudiannya menjadi Malaysia.
Melaka diisytiharkan sebagai "Bandaraya Bersejarah" pada 15 April 1989.
Source : http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Melaka [size]
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| Tuesday, 16-Jan-2007 05:41 |
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Pasar Siti Khadijah, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Pasar Siti Khadijah,
Kota Bharu, Kelantan,
Malaysia.
Gambar2 ini dirakamkan sewaktu saya berada di Kota Bahru, Kelantan minggu lepas.. Teringin sangat nak shoot gambar di Pasar Siti Khadijah di Kota Bharu, akhirnya hasrat tercapai juga.
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| Tuesday, 26-Dec-2006 08:52 |
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RAMA-RAMA (Butterfly)
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RAMA-RAMA
Butterfly
A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera, it belongs to either the Hesperioidea (the skippers) or Papilionoidea (all other butterflies) Superfamilies. Some authors have also suggested the inclusion of the superfamily Hedyloidea, the American butterfly moths.[1] They are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic-yet-graceful flight have made butterfly watching a popular hobby.
The Old English word for butterfly was buttorfleoge apparently because butterflies were thought to steal milk. A similar word occurs in Dutch and German originating from the same belief. This is believed to have led to the evolution of its present name form - butterfly.[2]
An alternative folk etymology, prevalent in Great Britain, is that it originated as a contraction of butter-coloured fly referring to the Brimstone Butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni, often the first butterfly of spring. Another such view is that the word butterfly came from a metathesis of "flutterby".[3]
Butterflies are believed to have evolved from a branch of ancestral forms of moths. This branching is believed to have happened in the Cretaceous Period, 65 million to 135 million years ago. [4] The oldest known fossil is a Metalmark butterfly (Voltinia dramba) from 25 million year old Dominican amber.[5]
Butterflies are today distributed throughout the world except in the very cold and arid regions. There are an estimated 18,000 species of butterflies.
Presently butterflies are classified in two superfamilies, Hesperioidea, consisting of the 'skippers' and Papilionoidea or 'true butterflies'. These are sister taxa, so the butterflies collectively are thought to constitute a true clade. Some taxonomists place them all in superfamily Papilionoidea, distinguishing the skippers from the other butterflies at the series level only. In this system, Papilionoidea consists of the series Hesperiiformes (with one family only, the skipper family Hesperiidae) and the series Papilioniformes (with five families).
The five families of true butterflies usually recognized in the Papilionoidea are:-
Family Papilionidae, the Swallowtails and Birdwings
Family Pieridae, the Whites and Yellows
Family Lycaenidae, the Blues and Coppers, also called the Gossamer-Winged Butterflies
Family Riodinidae, the Metalmark butterflies
Family Nymphalidae, the Brush-footed butterflies
The dichotomous classfication of lepidopterans into butterflies and moths is one that is popular but not used in taxonomy. The folk groups of butterflies and moths can be distinguished using several features but there are exceptions to most of these rules.
Unlike many insects, butterflies do not experience a nymph period, but instead go through a pupal stage which lies between the larva and the adult stage (the imago). Butterflies are termed as holometabolous insects, and go through complete metamorphosis.Egg, Larva, known as a caterpillar, Pupa (chrysalis), Adult butterfly (imago) It is a popular belief that butterflies have very short life spans. However butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain dormant in their pupal and egg stages and thereby survive winters.
Egg
Butterfly eggs consist of a hard-ridged outer layer of shell, called the chorion. This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called micropyles; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate.
Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue which hardens rapidly. As it hardens it contracts deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of every egg forming a meniscus. The nature of the glue is unknown, and is a suitable subject for research. The same glue is produced by a pupa to secure the setae of the cremaster. This glue is so hard that the silk pad, to which the setae are glued, cannot be separated.
Eggs are usually laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own hostplant range and while some species are restricted to just one species, others use a range of plant species, often members of a common family.
The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies but eggs laid close to winter especially in temperate regions go through a diapause stage and the hatching may take place only in spring.
Larvae, or caterpillars, are multi-legged eating machines. They consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time in search of food. Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species such as Spalgis epius and Liphyra brassolis are entomophagous (insect eating). Some larvae, especially those of the Lycaenidae form mutualistic associations with ants. They communicate with the ants using vibrations that are transmitted through the substrate as well as using chemical signals.
Caterpillars
Caterpillars mature through a series of stages, called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, in which the cuticle, a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the epidermis and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva moults the old cuticle, and the new cuticle rapidly hardens and pigments. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.
Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs from the thoracic segments and upto 6 pairs of prolegs arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that help them grip the substrate.
Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their head to appear snake-like. Many have false eye-spots to enhance this effect. Some caterpillars have special structures called osmeteria which are everted to produce smelly chemicals. These are used in defense.
Host plants often have toxic substances in them and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This helps making them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatibility is advertised using bright red, orange, black or white warning colours. The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Insects in turn develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival. This evolutionary arms race has lead to coevultion in the insects and their host plants
Wing development
Wings or wing pads are not visible on the outside of the larva, but when larvae are dissected, tiny developing wing disks can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments.
Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct.
Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching tracheae from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins, and begin to express molecular markers in patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing.
Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the hemolymph, and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings.
Pupa
When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding and begins "wandering" in the quest of a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf.
The larva transforms into a pupa (or chrysalis) by anchoring itself to a subtrate and moulting for the last time. The chrysalis is usually incapable of movement, although some species can rapidly move the abdominal segments or produce sounds to scare potential predators.
The pupal transformation into a butterfly through metamorphosis has held great appeal to mankind. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into large structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. If one wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a larger size. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult color pattern are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa.
Adult or Imago
The adult, sexually mature, stage of the insect is known as the imago. As Lepidoptera, butterflies have four wings that are covered with tiny scales (see photo), but, unlike moths, the fore and hindwings are not hooked together, permitting a more graceful flight. An adult butterfly has six legs, but in the nymphalids, the first pair is reduced. After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly-emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with blood and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly
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| Thursday, 21-Dec-2006 08:16 |
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ALAM
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| Wednesday, 13-Dec-2006 05:01 |
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SIMPOH AIR / Dillenia suffruticosa
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SIMPOH AIR / Dillenia suffruticosa
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SIMPOH AIR / Dillenia suffruticosa
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Simpoh Air
Dillenia suffruticosa
This distinctive shrubby tree grows vigorously on eroded soil, wasteland, forest edges and swampy areas. Everything about it is large.
It has large leaves, and large yellow flowers. The flowers open at 3 am and last only a day. They are pollinated by bees which collect its pollen (the flowers don't produce nectar or a scent) or by small beetles and flies that scramble over it. Almost every flower sets fruit.
The unopened fruits are surrounded by thick red sepals. To distinguish them from flower buds, the fruits face upwards while flower buds face down. The ripe fruit splits open also at 3 am, into pinkish star-shaped segments to reveal seeds covered in red arils. The plant blooms from age 3-4 and can live for 50-100 years! Plants in the Simpoh family (Dilleniaceae) hiss when the trunk or a branch is cut (you have to put your ear to the cut to hear it). The sound comes from the air that is sucked into the cut vessels.
Uses: The large leaves of the Simpoh Air were used to wrap food such as tempeh (fermented soyabean cakes), or formed into shallow cones to contain traditional "fast food" such as rojak.
The Simpoh Air sends out very deep tap roots to reach underground water sources. So much so that their presence suggests an underground water source, and some people use the plant as a guide to decide where to dig a well. The timber is not useful because it is twisted and very hard.
Traditional medicinal uses: Simpoh Air is used to staunch bleeding wounds, and the fruit pulp may be used to wash the hair (Brunei).
Role in the habitat: The Simpoh Air provides food and shelter for other plants and creatures. It is among the few plants that can germinate and grow on white sands. As a pioneer species, it provides shade for other less hardy plants to establish themselves. The tiny bit red flesh (arils) surrounding the seeds are irresistible to birds, which quickly disperse the seeds. Tailorbirds often make their nests out of the large leaves of the Simpoh Air.
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| Saturday, 25-Nov-2006 07:16 |
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BUNGA BAKUNG / Spider-Lily
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BUNGA BAKUNG
Spider Lily
Crinum asiaticum
Menurut kepercayaan Cina, Mesir dan Arab bunga ini dapat memberikan perlindungan terhadap penyakit wabak yang menular sekiranya ditanam diperkarangan rumah atau kebun di sekitar rumah terutamanya bakung yang berbunga putih ungu dan berdaun keunguan.
Potongan umbi bunga bakung ini kononya dapat dipakai sebagai pelindung daripada pengaruh roh yang jahat jika dipasang di pintu rumah. Selain itu juga ianya boleh dipakai untuk penawar racun sengatan binatang berbisa dan mengubat luka
Bakung mempunyai ketinggian antara 0,5 – 1,25 m. Di Indonesia tanaman ini biasanya ditanam di perkarangan rumah sebagai tanaman hiasan. Bakung juga tumbuh sebagai tumbuhan liar. Bunganya berbentuk corong, mekar pada malam hari dan berbau harum.
Bunga bawang bakung lazimnya kembang sekuntum pada batang salur hijaunya yang panjang dengan serlahan bunga berwarna putih bersama enam sari salut yang terjurai dari tiub sulurnya.
Zephyranthes rosea, pokok bebawang yang berasal dari kawasan tropika Amerika dengan bunganya keluar apabila dedaun panjang dalam bentuk nipis itu layu (pupus).
Bunganya yang terdapat dalam pelbagai warna antaranya berwarna putih dan merah muda mempunyai enam kelopak yang tersusun dalam dua lapisan. Kebiasaannya empat kuntum bunga bercantum pada satu pangkal dengan enam stamen yang panjang. Pokok ini sesuai disusun di celah pokok bawang bakung.
Lazimnya, tanah gambut yang bercampur tanah liat mempunyai kandungan air yang cukup bagi keperluan tumbesaran pokok dan tidak memerlukan kerja penyiraman kerap berbanding di kawasan kering terutama tanah berpasir.
Satu lagi spesies bebawang dari Cuba, Hippcastrum reticulatrum dengan sekuntum bunganya setiap satu pokok boleh ditanam dalam lingkungan bulatan di hadapan pokok Zephyranthes rosca. Pokok ini yang memiliki daun seiras daun kucai hanya mencapai ketinggian sehingga 15 sm dan berbunga selepas musim kemarau panjang.
source :
1) http://www.bharian.com.my/m/BHarian/Sunday/Lanskap/20060319101701/Article/
2) http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~ahmad/tugasan/s2_99/a57432.htm
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| Saturday, 25-Nov-2006 06:28 |
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BUNGA TASBIH
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BUNGA TASBIH / Canna orientalis
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BUNGA TASBIH / Canna orientalis
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BUNGA TASBIH / Canna orientalis
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BUNGA TASBIH
Canna orientalis
POKOK bunga tasbih, tumbuhan berbatang lembut atau nama botaniknya Canna orientalis dari keluarga Cannaccac adalah pokok hiasan yang boleh ditanam di kawasan taman. Selain menjadi hiasan pagar, ia juga boleh ditanam di dalam pasu besar.
Ia memiliki daun besar dan berupih pada pangkalnya turut berfungsi membalut batangnya yang menyerap dan menyimpan air.
Kepelbagaian warna daunnya daripada hijau tua, hijau muda, ungu dan campuran putih turut menjadi perhiasan kecantikannya.
Apapun, bunganya yang besar dengan kelopak berwarna merah, kuning, jingga dan kuning bertompok merah diserlahkan sepanjang tempoh berbunga kira-kira sebulan menceriakan persekitaran taman.
Bunganya mengandungi stamen dan juga pistil pada kelopak yang sama. Korolla (bahagian bunganya) mempunyai dua lingkaran tiga kelopak yang memiliki enam stamen berbeza.
Tumbuhan herba ini boleh dibiakkan dengan kaedah belahan rumpun atau rizomnya. Subur di kawasan yang lembap tetapi memerlukan cahaya matahari yang terik untuk membantu proses pembungaan.
Tumbuhan ini sesuai ditanam sebagai pokok latar belakang, menggunakan kaedah penanam kelompok, berbaris atau dalam satu gabungan dengan spesies pokok hiasan lain yang sesuai.
Keseragaman daunnya yang hijau menyebabkan ia serasi ditanam bersama pokok Hymcnocaullis atau bunga bakung, Zephyranthes rosca (lili hujan), Hippcastrum reticulatrum dan Cranium amabilc dari keluarga Amaryllindaccac.
Dalam pada itu, pokok bawang bakung adalah tumbuhan herba yang memiliki daun berbentuk pedang sepanjang kira-kira 80 sentimeter bagi daun matang dan ada alur pada bahagian tengahnya. Ia juga sesuai untuk dijadikan hiasan kawasan taman.
Source : http://www.bharian.com.my/m/BHarian/Sunday/Lanskap/20060319101701/Article/
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| Tuesday, 7-Nov-2006 05:17 |
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BUNGA CINA / Gardenia augusta
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Bunga cina / Gardenia augusta
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BUNGA CINA
Gardenia augusta
Bunga cina atau nama saintifiknya Gardenia augusta, Merr dari famili Rubiaceae banyak ditanam sebagai tumbuhan hiasan atau sebagai pagar kerana daunnya yang rimbun dan mempunyai banyak cabang. Bunganya yang berwarna putih berbentuk seperti bunga mawar dan berbau harum. warna putih akan berubah menjadi kekuningan selepas bunga mekar sepenuhnya.Tumbuhan ini boleh tumbuh ditempat sejuk atau panas dan ia merupakan tumbuhan yang senang dijaga.Tempat yang paling sesuai untuk pertumbuhannya adalah ditempat yang beriklim agak sejuk seperti dikawasan pergunungan dengan ketinggian lebih kurang 400 meter dari paras laut.Pokok ini boleh mencapai ketinggian 1 - 2 meter.Ia membiak melalui keratan batang dan semaiannya boleh dilakukan dengan memilih ranting yang agak tua, buang semua daunnya dan tanamkan di dalam polybag berisi pasir. pastikan air mencukupi semasa pertumbuhan akarnya.Pokok ini mempunyai potensi untuk di komersialkan sebagai minyak wangi kerana bau bunganya yang harum.
Ia boleh digunakan untuk mengubati penyakit seperti Kencing manis (diabetes mellitus), sariawan, demam dan sembelit. carnya untuk kencing manis 12 helai daun bunga cina direbus dengan 2 gelas air hingga tinggal satu gelas dan diminum sekali sehari. Untuk sariawan pula 7 helai daunnya diramas dengan secawan air,tapis dan campurkan air itu dengan 2 sudu makan madu dan seketul gula batu.minum 2 kali sehari. Manakala untuk demam pula, ramas 7 helai daunnya dengan secawan air, tapi , capur dengan gula batu dan minum 2 kali sehari.Untuk sembelit pula ambil 3 biji buahnya, rebus dengan 2 gelas air hingga mendidih dan tinggal satu gelas, minum airnya.
Source : http://www.melur.com/myherba.asp?plant_id=8
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| Friday, 27-Oct-2006 02:52 |
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RAIHAN
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Raihan Biography
Raihan (Fragrance of Heaven in Arabic) is a Malaysian Nasheed group originally composed of five members that took Malaysia by storm with the release of their debut album Puji-Pujian in October of 1996. This group comprised of Nazrey Johani, Che Amran Idris, Abu Bakar Md Yatim and Azhari Ahmad as the leader. However, on 29 August 2001, one of the founding members/header, Azhari Ahmad, died of a heart attack shortly after attending the Era Awards ceremony in Genting Highlands, Pahang.
The remaining four members, Nazrey Johani, Che Amran Idris, Abu Bakar Md Yatim and Amran Ibrahim have continued releasing album after album. So far, Raihan has released a total of 11 albums and has won many awards in Malaysia. To date, Raihan had won AIM Anugerah Kembara three time for their extensive international tours.
Nazrey Johani recently resigned from Raihan and is replaced by Nordin Jaafar.
Raihan's motto is 'Pray Hard, Work Smart'.
Gambar2 ini dirakamkan pada 16hb Oktober 2006 yang lalu ketika konsert Raihan dalam program jamm@Klfm di Auditorium P Ramlee, Angkasapuri, Kuala Lumpur. Konsert ini adalah anjuran stesen radio KLfm ~ Rentak Interaktif Kota
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| Friday, 13-Oct-2006 00:31 |
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SENDUDUK / Straits Rhododendron
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SENDUDUK / Straits Rhododendron
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SENDUDUK / Straits Rhododendron
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SENDUDUK / Straits Rhododendron
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Senduduk Unggu yang selalu dijumpai di tanah-tanh terbiar..
Rasa bertuah kerana terjumpa Senduduk Putih..
SENDUDUK
Straits Rhododendron
(Melastoma malabathricum)
Pokok senduduk merupakan tumbuhan yang tergolong kumpulan rumpai. Ia merupakan salah satu rumpai yang perlu dibasmi dalam amalan pertanian diladang atau kebun. Terdapat dua jenis pokok senduduk berdasarkan jenis bunganya iaitu ungu dan putih.
Kebanyakan senduduk yang terdapat didalam belukar dan semak yang tidak terlalu tebal atau kawasan terbiar dan berbunga ungu. Senduduk putih jarang didapati tumbuh secara meliar. Ia hanya tumbuh disetengah-setengah kawasan. Dari segi perubatan tradisional, pokok senduduk putih boleh dijadikan ubat terkena racun atau santau.
Tinggi purata pokok senduduk ialah 1 m namun ia boleh mencapai ketinggian hingga 3 m.Batangnya berwarna kemerahan dan dilitupi oleh bulu-bulu halus. Sama seperti batang daun dan buahnya juga dilitupi bulu ini.bunganya cantik dan mempunyai 5 kelopak dengan stamen berwarna kuning ditengah-tengahnya. Bunga senduduk yang paling biasa dijumpai berwarna ungu gelap hingga ke merah jambu dan putih.
Jenis berwarna putih ialah jenis yang paling jarang dijumpai tumbuh liar. selalunya ia ditanam untuk tujuan perubatan.Bijinya berwarna hitam dan mempunyai sedikit rasa pahit dan manis dan ia boleh dimakan. Apabila dimakan ia boleh meninggalkan warna hitam pada mulut dan dari sinilah senduduk mendapat nama botaninya melastoma yang bermaksud mulut hitam dalam bahasa greek.
Pucuknya boleh dijadikan ulam dengan dimakan mentah atau direbus. Ia mempunyai rasa yang agak masam kelat. Warna dari buahnya dijadikan pewarna kain disesetengah tempat sepeti di Thailand.Daunnya boleh dijadikan makanan untuk ulat sutera seperti daun kertau dan mulberi juga.Buahnya menjadi makanan kegemaran burung.
source :-
1) http://www.melur.com/myherba.asp?plant_id=60
2) http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senduduk
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wah...
